How does spyware typically function on a user's computer?

Spyware functions by secretly monitoring and controlling a user's computer without their consent. Its primary purpose is to gather personal information such as browsing habits, passwords, and other sensitive data. Once installed, spyware can track a user’s activities and send this information to a remote server controlled by malicious actors. This covert operation often happens without any indication to the user that it is active, making it particularly dangerous.

By functioning stealthily, spyware can also potentially manipulate the user’s system, such as redirecting web traffic, altering settings, or even installing additional malicious software. This capacity to both monitor and exert control over the system is what distinguishes spyware from other types of software, such as adware or antivirus programs, which serve different purposes and operate transparently or with user consent.