What is meant by the term "paradigm shift"?

The term "paradigm shift" refers to a fundamental change in approach or underlying assumptions. This concept was popularized by philosopher Thomas Kuhn in his work on scientific revolutions, where he described how advancements in understanding often occur not simply through gradual improvements but through radical transformations in the framework of thought that shapes how information is interpreted and understood.

In contexts such as science, technology, and even societal structures, a paradigm shift denotes a significant change that alters the foundational perspective, leading to new methods, ideas, or innovations. For instance, the transition from Newtonian physics to Einstein's theory of relativity represents a paradigm shift, as it fundamentally redefined concepts of space, time, and gravity.

Other options, such as gradual improvement or enhancement of an existing theory, do not capture the essence of a paradigm shift, which inherently involves a disruptive transformation rather than iterative changes. A static model that defines processes lacks the dynamism and evolution associated with a paradigm shift, as it suggests a fixed approach rather than a rethinking or re-evaluation of core principles.