Which computing device is known for calculating using beads or counters?

The abacus is known for its historical use as a calculating tool that employs beads or counters to perform arithmetic operations. It consists of a frame with rods or wires, where beads move back and forth to represent numbers and calculations. This device has been used for centuries in various cultures and is recognized for its efficiency in performing basic calculations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

In contrast, the other options—calculator, desktop computer, and tablet—are modern electronic devices designed for digital computations and have more complex functionalities. While they can perform calculations much more quickly and easily compared to an abacus, they do not utilize beads or counters in their operation. The abacus stands out as a unique manual calculating device that relies on physical movement of beads to represent numerical values and perform calculations, solidifying its place in the history of computing.